Current Mongolia HistoryGrowing up in Mongolia during communist era, we have been taught history in different context. The history you see here is so foreign to me as it is to you. The book is rewritten by historian under former president Bagabandi's order #08 on Jan 19, 1999 to reflect the true history of Mongolia as accurate as possible.To learn and understand current Mongolia, you want to know what happened in the past 100 years. This section will help you gain understanding on certain chain events where most of the other history books have failed to mention. We can classify current Mongolia History into following time period:
The Beginning of Mongolian Renaissance (1900-1913) In mid of 19th century Ching (Qing) Dynasty gradually lost its power to become half colony. In 1901 Chinese group called Xinhai - " Shudarga ev negdeliin bag" organized a revolution to overturn the Manchu Ching (Qing) Dynasty. However, they were defeated by allied force (Japan, German, England, USA, France, Russia, Italy, Austria, and Hungary). The price of the war then passed on to states like Mongols in form of heavy taxation. The already weak Ching (Qing) Dynasty had to implement new policy in order to collect its taxes. In 1902, Ching Dynasty divided Mongolia in two section Inner (with 6 leagues) and Outer Mongolia (with 4 aimags). Ching Dynasty also orders Chinese farmers to resettle in Inner Mongolia in order to improve its economic condition. In 1905, Ching(Qing) Dynasty created its first Office of Intelligence in bigger cities of Mongolia states. Initially they sent 40 man; and later hired additional man from local states. By 1910 the numbers in those offices doubled. They started to train solders in Japanese and European army methods. In 1905, meanwhile in Tokyo representative of Chinese elites already planning to regain its independence from Ching (Qing) Dynasty. In 1906, Ching Dynasty attempted to create national constitution and opened up several new government offices and appointed new officers. One of the biggest change was to open a Resettlement office of Chinese Farmers in Beijing China. The office was in charge of getting farmers to go to Inner Mongolia and start farming while negotiating land rights with Mongolian nomads. This has created many clash between Chinese and Mongolian. In 1908, schools opened in Mongolia started to teach Mongolian, Chinese, and Manchu languages. They also started to send students to countries like Japan and China. Students learned science, music, physical education, art, math, and foreign languages from visiting instructors. In 1910, as a part of Ching Dynasty's "New government agenda" overturned its old law against Chinese and Mongolian relation. The old law used to halt all Mongolian marriage to Chinese, learning Chinese, using Chinese name, inviting Chinese scholar to mongolia, and using Chinese language in official matters. In 1904, Dalai Lama from Tibet visited Ih Huree-The Capital City of Outer Mongolia. He stayed there about a year. During his visit Ching Dynasty seemed to approve his stay in Mongolia. However, in the fall of 1905 when Dalai Lama arrived at Beijing, he was arrasted and excuted. His guide was the middle son-Danzanjamts, who was the Assistant General-Tusheet han aimag-Duke Handdorj. Since then, the General Duke Handdorj and his associates constantly delayed their tax payments, and refused to attend meetings organized by Ching officers. June 21, 1911-All Mongolian head of aimags and important fugures got together and discussed current "New Government Agenda" of Ching Dynasty. Meanwhile, a group of four - General Duke Handdorj, Duke Chagdarjav, Monk Tserenchimed, Inner Mongolia's advisor Haisan- met up secretly in the woods of Mnt. Bogd. They agreed to seek assistance from Russia. In their official request there were 21 items. One of the requests was "To stop the Ching officers routine check up in Inner Mongolia, where they round up ordinary people and do torture with most extreme crulity". They got their visa from Russian consulate-Miller, and blessing from Bogd Javzandamba-the religious head of Mongolian governmenment. The trip to Russia was unsuccessful. Russian did not want to quarrel with their southern big neighbor-Ching Dynasty. November 30th of 1911, Mongolia reformed interm government of 7 including Duke Chagdarjav and General Duke Handdorj. The purpose of these man were to overturn Manj Ching Dynasty in Mongolia. The letter to Minister Sang in Huree-Capital of Mongolia- stated that " Mongolia is ready to defend Ching(Qing) Dynasty position in Beijing given the current relation with Chinese people. However, in return Ching Dynasty need to supply weapons and supplies to Mongolian solders. If Ching Dynasty dosn't agree with these conditions then required to leave Mongolia within next three days." So the Ching Dynasty lost its power; and Mongolia declared its independence with Bogd-Javzandamba as its King on December 29th of 1911. Meanwhile, in mid China, there was forming a republic and Chinese where fighting against Ching(Qing) rule everywhere. On Dec 29th of 1911, the same day as Mongolians, Chinese also declared its independence from Ching (Qing) Dynasty and Sun Yat-sen as a president. Sun Yat-sen's declaration on Jan 2nd, 1912, he stated that " The root of a country is its people. Hani (Chinese), Manj, Mongol, Hoton, Tibet land should be united so do the people of these land. When that happened then the country form. Since the revolution come there were about 10 different independent states formed. But the Independence means in one hand to be independent from Manj Qing Dynasty; and on the other hand to unit all these independent states such as Mongol, Tibet. " Although Chinese and Mongolians declared their independence, Ching (Qing) Dynasty still was ruling in Beijing, China. The last Emperor of Ching(Qing) Dynasty - Py I stepped down on Feb 12th of 1912. on Feb 15, 1912 Chinese Republic declared Yuan Shinkai as a president of Chinese Republic who replaced Sun Yat-sen. On March 10th-in their interim law-Chinese not only refused to accept Mongolia as an independent country, they said " the country consist of 22 states, Inner, Outer Mongol, Tibet, and Blue Lake". To be continued... 
Reference: Translation by Canada Mongolia Connection from Mongolia History Section 5, by Prof. J. Boldbaatar, Dr. Prof. M. Sanjdorj, Academic B. Shirendev. Return from Current Mongolia History to Canada Mongolia Connection.
|
